Good conductors of electricity Essay Example for Free

Good conductors of electricity Essay EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES In order to record my observations, I will use the following types of observation tables, and I will display the manner in which my wire will be setup, in order that I will be able to experiment with them. 1. LENGTH For length, we have to make sure that only the length is changed, and that all the other factors are kept as a constant, i. e. the thickness, the material, and the temperature. Thickness = 0. 3 mm Material = nichrome Temperature = room temperature The index is adjusted, to vary the resistance, 10 alternative readings of current and voltage are taken, at uniform intervals. For every 0. 2 volts, I will be measuring the current, for each wire, and I will be observing, and recording the readings on the ammeter, in a table like this. SR. NO VOLTAGE CURRENT AVERAGE R= V / I IN VOLTS(V) INCREASING DECREASING CURRENT (? ) 1 0. 00 Xxx Xxx Xxx Xxx 80 X 11 2. 00 X TOTAL AVERAGE RESISTANCE = Xxxx My expected graphs will look like this. The shorter the wire, the lesser the resistance there will be. ? = 1/ gradient ? 20 cm wire has the greatest gradient, so less resistance. The resistance on should tally with my table readings; otherwise, it will mean that there is an error somewhere. 2. Thickness For thickness, we have to make sure that only the thickness is changed, and that all the other factors are kept as a constant, i. e. the length, the material, and the temperature. Length = 50 cm Material = nichrome Temperature = room temperature SR. NO VOLTAGE CURRENT AVERAGE R= V / I IN VOLTS(V) INCREASING DECREASING CURRENT (? ). 11 2. 00 X TOTAL AVERAGE RESISTANCE = Xxxx My expected graphs will look like this. The thicker the wire, the lesser the resistance there will be. ? = 1/ gradient ? 3 mm wire has the greatest gradient, so it has the least resistance. 3. Material For material, we have to make sure that only the material is changed, and that all the other factors are kept as a constant, i. e. the length, the material, and the temperature. Length = 50 cm Thickness = 0. 4 mm Temperature = room temperature SR. NO VOLTAGE CURRENT AVERAGE R= V / I IN VOLTS(V) INCREASING DECREASING CURRENT (?) TOTAL AVERAGE RESISTANCE = Xxxx My expected graphs will look like this. Different conductors have different resistances, thus, the copper wire has the greatest gradient, and so it has the least resistance. In order to increase the reliability of my resulting readings, I am going to record the readings while increasing and decreasing the voltage supplied. I will also make use of series and parallel circuits, to verify the law of resistance. To investigate the law of resistance for length. I will use the following type of board for this. The resistance for the 25 cm wire is shown by : The resistance for the 50 cm wire is shown by : This the type of graph I would be expecting to get. As you can see, the line for the 20+30 cm graph falls just a little short of the 50 cm. R = R1+ R2 In addition, to verify the law of resistivity for thickness, we use parallel circuit, which are connected in this manner: Here we will test to see if the resistance of two . 4 mm wires connected in a parallel, is equal to the resistance of a .56 mm wire. This should get me a graph like the one that follows: In order to plot this type of graph, I will have to record my results in a table like this: The resistance for the 0. 4 mm + 0. 4 mm wire is shown by : The resistance for the 0. 56 mm wire is shown by : I did a prior test, or an introductory pre experiment test, to get me used to how to know to work the rheostat, and connect the circuit, and the results I got, are on the next page. Analyzing evidence As you can see from my graphs, which are more or less like the graphs, I had expected to get, in my planning,In order to show that when the length of the wire was changed, the resistance changed proportionately, I created this bar graph. Thus as you can see, when the lengths in crease, the resistance of the wire increases, as there are more collisions between the electron, (which is moving from the negative end to the positive), and between the atom. When length is doubled, resistance doubles. Therefore length is directly proportional to resistance. In addition, I compared the resistance obtained from the tables, when I changed the thickness of the wire, and this is the resulting pie chart. Here too, it is plain to see that when the thickness doubles, the resistance is halved. This is due to, when the thickness increases, there is more space for the electron to pass through, without colliding, and thus resistance decreases. Thus resistance is inversely proportional to resistance. Where as in my series and parallel graphs, the gradient achieved for both the graphs is almost the same, thus I state that the resistance of a longer wire, is the same as two shorter wires connected together in a series circuit. In addition, the resistance of a thicker wire is the same as that of two thinner wires connected in a parallel.

Mens Rea An Enormous Aspect Of Criminal Law Philosophy Essay

Mens Rea An Enormous Aspect Of Criminal Law Philosophy Essay Mens Rea is an enormous aspect of criminal law. Is the mental element that beseeched by the definition of a circumstantial crime and it encompass three degrees: intention, recklessness and negligence. The most reprehensible form of mens rea is intention, as it is more censurable to cause harm premeditatedly and additionally is used in more crucial offences such as murder which demands intention to kill or to engender Grevious Bodily Harm. A part of analysts considered negligence as the third degree of mens rea, as it refers to a failure to acknowledge the dangers. Hence, it will be evaluated as a distinctive guideline of blame as it mentions to the absence of a state of mind. Notwithstanding, mens rea is engaged with the appellants state of mind at the time of the actus reus, which covers everything except of the defendants state of mind, as it often illustrates the guilty act. Conjointly, the doctrine of transferred malice, appoint liability to the defendant of an offence if he has the appropriate intention and accomplished the actus reus on a different person than the intended. 0n this wise, in Latimer  [1]  , the defendant attempted to blow at one person but he missed and crashed one other, thus the doctrine of transferred malice exists, as the mens rea is the same. Consequently, in order for a criminal liability to subsist, the actus reus and the mens rea must coincide. Obviously mens rea associates with serious crimes such as homicide, theft and burglary, which have a wide range of elements in order to recognise the intention of the defendant. Homicide is an enormous aspect of criminal law which includes all the unlawful killings. The main categories of them are murder and manslaughter. All the homicide offences have a common actus reus, the unlawful killing. If the defendant has the mens rea for the murder, then the prima facie liability for the murder starts to exist. At this stage the jury has to consider if the defendant has the defence of provocation or diminished responsibility. If he has so, then he is liable of voluntary manslaughter, but if he has not, then he is liable for murder. On the other hand, if the defendant does not have the appropriate intention for murder, then he is convicted with involuntary manslaughter. As reported to section 1 of the Homicide Act killing shall not amount to murder unless done with malice aforethought  [2]  , which was illustrated in Cunningham  [3]  , as express and implied malice. Express malice divided into two sections, direct and oblique malice. Direct malice, is an un interrupted intention to kill someone and oblique malice, is not the prime purpose of the defendant. He has no intention to cause death but nevertheless, as a result of his actions, the victim died. Hence, if the jury has satisfied that at the time when the defendant recognised that fatal consequences would be virtually certain to result from his actions, then there is an intention to kill even thought there is no actual desire to achieve that result. In Woolin  [4]  , the defendant had thrown his baby causing him to die. Woolin did not intent to kill his baby, but he could foresight that his actions was about to cause the death of the baby. Moreover, another aspect of malice aforethought is implied malice. This indicates that, the defendants main intention is to cause GBH but as a result of his actions, the victim dies. In consonance with section 8  [5]  , the jury has to consider all the evidence, before adjudicated that the defendant is guilty of murder, and not only if he intended or foresaw a result of actions as a natural and probable consequence. In other words, the jury has to consider only the appellants subjective state of mind. According to this section, a jury has the opportunity to conclude about the mental state of the accused from the objective view of the reasonable man and if they decided that a reasonable man would intended to cause death or serious injury, then they will be persuaded that the defendant did. In Moloney  [6]  , the jury could argue that the defendant foresaw the consequences of his actions as a natural consequence, so he is liable for the death of the victim even if he did not wish or desire to kill him. On the other hand, if the accused did not have the intention to kill or to cause serious injury, as happened in Hancock and Shankland  [7]  , then the co nvictions of murder overturned to those of manslaughter. This is able to happen only if death was not a natural consequence but a probability. As it was stated in Nedrick  [8]  , the evidence of foresight is intention evidence. The judges directed the jury to consider if the death was intended, as natural consequence becomes virtual certainty, as I mentioned above. Apparently, as the mens rea in murder is intention to kill or to cause GBH, under the Homicide Act  [9]  there are three defences which decrease liability from murder to voluntary manslaughter. These defences are provocation, diminished responsibility and suicide pact. If the appellant is liable for murder, meaning that he has the appropriate elements of actus reus and mens rea, and he can rely on one of the above defences, then he is liable for manslaughter. Under section 3  [10]  , a person who charged with murder, was provoked by things said or done or both, to lose his self-control. Pursuant to this the jury has to indentify if the defendant actually provoked to act and whether a reasonable person would be provoked to act as the defendant did. Section 2  [11]  , illustrates the defence of diminished responsibility, where a person cannot convicted of murder if he suffers from an abnormality of mind, as this disorder invalidated his mental responsibility of what he is d oing. Additionally, section 4  [12]  demonstrates the defence of suicide pacts. The defendant kills the victim if there is a common agreement between two or more parties and the object of that agreement is death. This indicate that if a person convicted with murder, then if he has the appropriate proof that he was acting under a suicide pact then he would be liable for manslaughter. In some cases manslaughter can be caused due to negligent actions of the defendant, as he has a duty of care towards the victim. If he failed to perform his duty then he is in a breach of duty and that may cause the death of the victim. In Adomako  [13]  , the breach of that duty caused the death of the victim. I think that people who have duty of care towards others, must be able to recognise if there is a possibility for a death and try to avoid it. Pursuant to the Theft Act 1968, a person is guilty of theft if he dishonest appropriates property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it  [14]  . Conspicuously, there are two essential features of mens rea in theft, dishonesty and the intention of permanently depriving. Dishonesty is the first element of the mens rea in theft and as it construes in section 2(1) of the Theft Act a person cannot be dishonest if he has the presumption that he has the right in law to deprive the other of the property. Additionally, he cannot be dishonest if the embezzlement accomplished in the belief that the others would acquiesce if they have the knowledge of the stealing and if there is an authentic belief that the owner of the property would not be able to detect it by taking reasonable steps. On the contrary, as it reported to section 2(2)  [15]  , a person can be found liable for dishonest if he misappropriates the property of someone else, in spite of his desire to pay for the property. In consonance with Feely  [16]  , the plaintiff apprehended that his action was dishonest and he said that he has the intention to repay for the stealing. Under those circumstances, the jury has to make a determination whether the facts of dishonesty coexist with the standards of the ordinary decent person. As a result, the Court of Appeal, in the case of Ghosh  [17]  , conceived a test so that to be able to recognise if the appellants behaviour considers as dishonest according to the standards of ordinary decent people. If it was not then he is not dishonest. Howbeit, if his behaviour was acknowledged to be dishonest, then the defendant is not dishonest unless he comprehended that people would regard him as dishonest. Although the crucial ambition of that test was to authorize that dishonestys appraisement could be based on objective and subjective archetypes, it does not abolish the capability between the juries to be inconsistence. Indubitably, if the defendant did not find dishonest, then there is no theft. Intention to permanently deprive is the second element of mens rea in theft. In agreement with section 6(1)  [18]  , if a person borrows property which belongs to someone else, then he is not liable for theft. Nevertheless, if he decides to keep the borrowed property, then this situation would be considered as theft, as it stated in Walkington  [19]  , in which the defendant took the property with the intention to decide later whether to keep it or not. In Easom  [20]  , the defendant had a conditional intention to steal if he found something precious. Besides, this was not adequate to adjudge him of theft. In Lloyd  [21]  , the defendant has the intention to treat the property of the true owner as it his own and to deprive the owner of his rights to his property. As Lord Lane stated a mere borrowing is never enough to constitute the necessary guilty mind unless the intention is to return t he thing in such a changed state that it can truly be said that all its goodness or virtue has gone  [22]  . Supplementary, burglary is a serious offence which encompasses mens rea. Under section 9(1)(a)  [23]  , a person is guilty of burglary if he enters into a building or part of it as an invader, with intention to steal, commit GBH or cause criminal damage. Moreover, section 9(1)(b), specific the offences. Keep in line with section 9(1)(a), the defendant at the time of entering into a building must have the appropriate constituent of mens rea, to have the knowledge that his entry is not permitted. In Cunningham  [24]  , in order to recognise if a defendant considered himself as a trespasser, a subjective test has been taken. On the contrary, if a person enters into a building with permission, then the doctrine of trespass ab initio takes effect. As the entry has to be unlawful, this principle does not match the offence of burglary. In Collins  [25]  , the defendants conviction for burglary, with intent to rape, was revoke as the Court of Appeal cannot be sure that the defend ant has the appropriate knowledge that his entrance is unlawful and as it stated, the entry has to be substantial and effective. Accompanying, in ulterior offences, the mens rea has to be acknowledged either in trespass with intention or in trespass which is caused recklessness. However, as Laing  [26]  validates, trespass is one of the features of burglary. In that case the defendant entered into a shop, after closing time, but he had not stolen anything and also he had no intention to do so. As is obvious, trespass is an element of burglary but in order for someone to be charged with burglary, he must have the other essential elements of the offence such as intention. The only thing that is required in order to convict someone of stealing is intention. Besides, in some cases the conditional intention is seated. Before 1979 as is illustrated in Husseyn  [27]  , conditional intention was not adequate, as the defendant did not have the intention to steal unless he found something precious. Afterwards, in consonance with Attorney Genarals References  [28]  , conditional intent will be satisfied, as the only thing that required is intention even if there is nothing worth in the building to steal.

Budgeted Airlines In The Airline Industry Management Essay

Budgeted Airlines In The Airline Industry Management Essay This report in-depth analyzes the European airline Industry and reports the challenges the budgeted airline faces in the industry and especially for Ryanair. Here it shows how structure, system, leadership, culture environment focus in order to see Ryanairs position and growth in the low cost market. It clearly states the Ryanairs current strategy and identifying its long term strategy. The Business Plan ranges from an industry analysis to an internal financial capability. An integrate understanding of the functioning of the company in terms of human and technical operations, leadership, customer relationship and financial structure. This material critically analyses the internal functioning to create viable strategic positioning and discus any approach changes of Ryanair for its improved sustainability. It refers its capability, structure, system, leadership, culture, people and environment in the low cost European market. The analysis has been done by using some major theories such as 7s matrix, balance score card, double loop learning of Ryanair, ansoff matrix and culture web. Accordingly, this material primarily analyses the current business strategies of Ryanair to understand the nature of their operations. Subsequently, conducts a PESTEL analysis, Porters five forces and value chain analysis to understand the environment of Ryanair, drivers of profit in the industry at present and the future and financial analysis. In addition to balance score card analysis also has been done to understand finance situation in the context of Ryanair and to evaluate its performance. Finally, this report will recommend the recommendations where its applicable. The analysis of this report was complete with the support of the case information provided and through industry related information from academic books, journals, websites and other publicly available secondary data sources. Introduction Ryanair is an Irish airline started its operation in 1985 competing in European budgeted airline industry in the recent years. Ryanair is one of the most profitable and key players in the European budgeted airline market. (Refer Appendix 1) Low cost business model was intruded by the US biased southwest in early 1070s. In 1992 Ryanair was the first to introduce low-cost business model in European market. Easyjet is the main low-cost business model competitor for Ryanair in European market, The reduction of the cost is the center point for low-cost business model. Some of the innovative choice made by Ryanair to maintain low-cost, no-frills service are eliminating traditional in-flight catering and by that reducing labour-related cost, use of on-line booking system, connecting point to point network using secondary airport, comfortable but not spacious seats by that increasing seating capacity, use of similar fleets. This report carries out detail study of Ryanait by analyzing Ryanairs current strategy and the management of the strategy. It recognizes how the business functions and operations are affecting the customer and leadership with their overall strategy. Critical success factor of Ryanair Currently Ryanair is facing lot if problems especially in cost strategy but it overcome from these problems by adding new strategies and grow up in market place. It uses different strategies to have Ryanair alive and to competitive with competitors. It gets a positive competitive advantage from competitors. Ryanair become the first largest low cost airline industry in Europe. Recently Ryanair is awarded for punctuality. It keep up times when flies through countries. Ryanair adopt new strategies to grow in market place and use tactics to keep low cost for flying and remain to get profits. Ryan airs goal is to meet the need of travelling places in low cost. Critical success factor are low cost, customer satisfaction with pricing, reliable and comfort service for customers. Ryanairs main critical success factor is to provide low cost. For that it eliminates in flight services. Seats adjustment and drinks but for their target market they prefer on time facilities, frequent departure and seat reservation. Low cost carrier business model The Low cost airline concept first was used in America by Pacific Southwest Airline in 1949. Southwest is now grown to become one of the largest profitable airlines in the United States. European history low cost airline model started in late 1990s. Low cost airline business model could be defined by the following three key elements. (Refer Appendix 2) Simple product: No in-flight catering and catering on request with extra payment. Plane with beiger capacity with narrow seat. Only single class without any seat allocation. Positioning: Price-conscious business passengers. High frequency point-to-point traffic using secondary airport. Aggressive marketing and competition with all transport carriers (Refer Assignment 1 appendix 6, p.25 and Appendix 10, p. 29) Low operating cost: Uniform fleet low maintenance cost, reduced crews training cost, low airport fees. Low wages, high usage of recourses and productivity, simple boarding process reduces ground waiting, high percentage of internet advance reservation, reduced clearing time and no hub service. Ryanairs current strategy Ryanair is an Irish airline competing in the low cost European airline industry. They are the most profitable and key players in the market. Ryanairs main objective to establish leading low-fare schedule passenger airline in the European market through continued improvements and expanded efficient low cost service. Low fare: Ryanairs low price policy increases price-conscious leisure and business travelers otherwise they would have used other mode of transport such as train, couch and cars. Ryanair sell one way air ticket for the schedule service by eliminating minimum stay requirement. Customer satisfaction: Ryanair achieved grater customer satisfaction by reduced cancellation and few lost baggage compare to other airlines. Achieve better punctuality by using less congested secondary airport. Regular point-to-point flights on short-haul routs: Ryanair provides regular point-to-point flights on short-haul routes around major populated centers by connecting secondary airport. This benefited higher rate of on time departure and faster turn around tine. Point-to-point non stop flying benefited Ryanair by way of cost of providing service for connecting passengers, baggage transfer and cost associated with transit passenger. Market segment: Early entrance in France, Italy, Scandinavian low cost airline market creates more profit brand recognition in the Europe budgeted airline industry. The success of the company is being able to attract more passengers at the both ends of their routes. This creates a name for Ryanair stating that Europe first number one no frills airline. Ryanair identify it maket growth through ansoff matrix (Refer Appendix 10) Competitive advantage: The main competitors for Ryanair in the low cost market are carriers including easyJet, FlyBe and ThomsonFly. All they try to attract potential customers by lowering the ticket price. In early stage favorable relationship with airport operators helped Ryanairs aggressive pricing until EU commission ruling in 2004 (Refer. Assignment 1, Appendix 11, and page number 30). Dispute with EU commission gives free publicity across the Europe continent. (Refer Appendix 7) Business functioning: Internal resources of the business and its functioning are extremely important for the business to prosper. Ryanairs important function and how this will affect business decision explained in SWOT analysis (Refer Appendix 15, Assignment 1- Appendix 9.p 28) Employees and Technical operations. Human resources are one of the most important functions in an organization. Ryanair keep their staff more happy and motivated. This they do by introducing incentive scheme for all operational employees and share option scheme which allow employees to participate for the success of overall company. Customer relation. Ryanair continues to offer no frills low fare service to keep the ticket rate at minimum level. Also Ryanair uses regional airports instead of national airport in order to keep the ticket price at lowest level and helped them for their punctuality due to less congested in the airport. Customers are looking for cheapest way of travelling; hence any bad publicity does not affect sales figures. Profitability. Ryanair have consistently year by year increased its profitability with customer satisfaction by keeping low cost ticket pricing and comfort service to the customers. Ryanair announced profitability despite bad year for airline industry such as gulf war and an outbreak of SARS. (Refer Appendix 6) financial statement published in Ryanairs annual report and also profit in euro for the period 2005 2008 and projection for 2009, passenger numbers and average fare for 2007 Less operating costs: Ryanairs operating cost is the lowest compare to other European airlines. It control major schedule airline operating cost such as aircraft equipment cost, personal productivity cost, customer service cost and airport handling and access cost Aircraft equipment cost Ryanairs aircraft acquisition strategy is to purchase single type aircraft. In 1998 Ryanair has taken a decision to purchase Boeings latest generation aircraft Boeing 737-800 replacing Boeing 737-200A and starts to use from 2005 onwards. Purchase of aircraft from single manufacture benefited Ryanairs barraging power for the new aircraft and cost advantages from personal training, maintenance and purchase and storage of spare parts. Also it has greater flexibility in terms of scheduling crews and equipment. Personal productivity Ryanair control their labor cost by continuously increasing its productivity with highly competitive work force. Ryanair pay productive-based incentives for employees including flight attendants for in-flight product sales and payments based on number of sectors and ours flown by pilots and cabin crews with limit of industry standard of maximum number of hours. Ryanair average salary per employee is high compare to its competitor easyjet, Lufthansa, British airways, Lberia and Acer Lingus. Customer service cost Ryanair has entered into competitive log term third party agreement for certain airport passenger, aircraft handling and ticketing and other services. Approximately 96% of the ticket sales through Ryanairs website and telephone and by this eliminating travel agent commission cost. Airport access charges Ryanairs constantly high volume of passenger traffic many of the airports benefit them to favorable contracts with those airport for access their facilities. Booking Advantage on internet The Ryanairs internet booking system Skylight reservation system allows internet users to access Ryanair host reservation system to make a reservation and to pay the confirmed reservation in real time. The company advertises heavily about reservation system though newspaper, radio and television As a result 94% of the reservation comes through the companys reservation system. Safety and quality maintenance Ryanairs management fully committed for the safety and quality maintenance to the aircrafts. The company operates latest Boeing 737-800 with additional safety features inbuilt in it. Also the company committed to hire and training pilots, cabin crews and maintenance staffs in accordance with highest European airline industry standards. In past 24 years Ryanairs operating history, it does not had any major incident injuring pilots or cabin crews or passengers. Although Ryanair aggressively practice low cost model, it gives high importance for the aircraft safety, maintenance, training and quality assurance. Increasing operating results through ancillary services Ryanair provides various ancillary passenger services connected to its main air passenger service such as in-flight sale of food, beverage and merchandise and also it provides through telephone reservation officers and Ryanairs internet system accommodation service, travel insurance and car rentals. Ryanairs corporate strategy The Ryanairs corporate strategy (Appendix 3) has been defined much advance and its main objective developed before it commence. Emerge of Ryanairs corporate strategy is the final objective is developed during the course its life. Ryanairs business visor, mission, main objective please. (Refer Assignment 1, Appendix 1 and p. 16-17) Ryanairs business strategy Ryanairs business strategy is to offer very competitive affordable fare for the airline users to reach their destination in the European market. Ryanairs long term marketing plane and its position: Ryanairs long term marketing plans please refer Appendix 2 and its position please refer (Assignment 1 and p. 8 Appendix 6.p 25) Porters competitive strategy model for low cost carrier Porters (1980) competitive strategy model (Appendix 5) describes that there are three types of strategies are used by business for their long term survival. They are cost leadership, differentiation strategy, and market share and market segmentation strategy. These strategies are measured along with business strategic scope and strategic strength. Stuck in the middle OVERROLL LOW COST LEADERSHIP FOCUSSED DIFFERENTIATION COST FOCUS BROAD DIFFERENTIATION Differentiation Narrow Market Cost Low cost Broad Ryanairs business strategic scope Ryanairs business strategic scope is to become number one low cost airline in the European market for cost conscious business and leisure travelers. Ryanairs business strategic scope Ryanairs business strategic scope is to become number one low cost airline in the European market for cost conscious business and leisure travelers. Ryanairs business strategic strength. Ryanair was first Europe discount airline capitalized by the EU decision to deregulate the airline industry stating that any European airline can operate anywhere in the Europe Its aggressive pricing and grater customer satisfaction for the punctuality, reduced cancellation and few lost baggage compare to other airline. In 2005 it became market leader in the low cost airline market. Cost leadership Use of secondary airport: Ryanair did not fly to the major hub airport bur instead it uses secondary airport some distance away from the main airport for low airport access charges. Rapid turnaround: Ryanair maximize use of aircraft by turning around the aircraft within 25 minutes Point-to-point routing: Ryanair fly point-to-point and it avoid cost connected with passenger and baggage transfer Boeing aircraft: Single aircraft family the being 737. It palace big being aircraft order just after September 11 2001 benefiting purchases price advantage. Aviation fuel: Major portion of fuel porches hedged hence increase in fuel price not affected to the company. In-flight service: No free in-flight service such as free drink or snacks. No refund for no-shows. Staffs and overhead: Ryanair staffs are non-union and pilots and cabin crews get low salary but compensated with other benefits. Differentiation strategy: Ryanairs operation provided several positive features for the passengers towards its punctuality, reduced cancellation, few lost baggage compare with other carriers. Passengers always were assured to reach their designation on time with their baggage. Many other revenue generating service such as travel insurance, car hire, couch and train ticket. Market share and market segmentation strategy: Ryanair has taken grater market share in the low cost airline business in the European continent and it became market leader in that sector. (Ryanairs route map in Europe Refer appendix 8) Organizational Structure DIRECTOR Paolo Pietrogrnde CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD David Bonder man DIRECTOR James Osborne DIRECTOR Klaus Kirchberger DIRECTOR Michael Horgan DIRECTOR Emmanuel Faber DIRECTOR Kyran McLaughlin FLIGHT OPERATIONS David O Brien COMMERCIAL REVENUE SF HUMAN RESOURCE EW PILOT RC ENGINEERING Michael Hickey CUSTOMER SERVICE Caroline Green LEGAL SECURITY JK COO Michael Cawley CFO Howard Millar CEO (Source www.ryanair.com, last update February 14th 2010) This diagram shows the organizational structure for Ryanair. The airline is operated with the name of Ryanair Ltd. Subsidiary for this Darley Investment Ltd. In this organization all international dealing are done by Ryanair.com. Nature of this business is aircraft trading. These boards of directors are responsible for the strategic view and functions which are in Ryanair Ltd. Chairman is Michael OLeary and other directors responsible other activities such as audit, executive, remuneration, nomination and the air safety committee. Leadership. Ryanair fight for its survival in early 1990s. In 1992 Ryanair introduced low cost no frills business model in Europe market under the leadership of Mr. Michael O Leary. Despite huge success Mr. Michael O Leary has come under both praise and criticism about his leadership and management style. Financial Times Magazine Mr. Tim Jeans argue that Mr. Michael O Leary genius in his ability motivate people with single-handedly transforming European air transport. Mr. O Leary leader ship style doses not fit rigidly into one style. His characteristic highly task oriented controlling cost, aircraft acquisition, and rout development. Also at the same time he is highly people oriented both with customers and people. His outspokenness has made him to expose into public-eye. EU commissioner for Belgium describes him in the Financial Times as irritating and arrogant Creaton (2004). But former and present staffs prized his leadership style in an interview with Financial Times Magazine. (Refer Append ix 4) There are three main characteristic of leaders in an organization Finley (2000). They are Leader should have strong held vision Mr. Michael O Leary took the leadership of Ryanair with very clear vision to the model the carrier on Southwest Airline and to create low fare no frills carrier in Europe. Leader should be able to communicate the vision External communication concern Ryanair was well recognizing one of the first budgeted airline in Europe. Internal communication concern he motivated and created incredible energy among the people to achieve the desired objective. Leader should be able to convert the vision into reality. Certainly the vision has turned into reality Ryanair grown and created a record profit low cost no frills airline in the European market. Culture The culture web describes the paradigm of an organization and physical manifestations of an organizational culture. (Johnson and schools, exploring corporate strategy, p.230) culture basically explained the organizational behaviors. Culture will include stories, symbols, system, structure, routines and rituals. (Refer appendix 11) Ryanairs pricing strategy Ryanairs cost leadership is the backbone for its lower piecing strategy. Ryanair is the lowest cost in Europe and its 40% low compare to closet competitor in Europe. (Refer Appendix 6) Implementation of gap Strategic implementation is complex and time consuming but success of an organization lies on this stage. However good the business or corporate strategy is, it is off little value unless implemented (Hubbard R.C, 2008, pg 349). Therefore, during this phase, strategy makers should consider the question of who implements that strategy, what must be done and how the strategy is implemented (Fletcher, 2001, p.2). Hence, 7S framework has been applied to Ryanair to identify gaps the issues that should be addressed during implementation phase (Refer appendix diagram 9) Recommendation Ryanair continues to attract customers with heavy advertisement stating that they are not going to charge furl surcharge with the aim to keep the fare low. Davey (2006) states that the figures release by the Ryanair shows that its low cost formula is continue to work. Ryanair in order to increase the business travelers who needs punctuality, the carrier reduce the turnaround time from 30 minutes to 25 minutes by dropping there cargo service even they new that they are going to lose à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 500,000 per year However budgeted airlines continues to enjoy its boom with low cost and opening new routes in the European market. If there is drop in demand Ryanair would certainly suffer and they might have to change their strategy by offering drink vouchers and making alliances with hotel groups in order to offer complete package and attract more people to its carrier. Also Ryanair should pay attention technology changes happening such as on line check in and would able them to cut their cost. Ryanairs innovating action creates future sustainability. In future if they found new routes reach places quick it will bring more tradition of getting more passengers for Ryanair. Ryanair for low cost uses secondary airport it will cause inconvenient for some customers to reach their place so they have to consider this point to get a solution for customers to reach their place easier. Conclusion Overall RYANAIR is in good position when compared to other players. The strategies implemented seem to be more effective since they have helped to match RYANAIR with its external environment. The adoptability flexibility of RYANAIR to the environmental changes have contributed to the success of RYANAIR. Ryanair seems to be using their strategy sensibly which work for them. They aware the environment and understand the importance of monitoring and they are the first to come into low-cost market in Europe. However they constantly monitor the environment and any change they should be ready to change their strategy. The flexibility adoptability to environmental changes was possible especially because of the value adding factors RYANAIR has focused. The value chain of RYANAIR has been designed to deliver the low cost concept by emphasizing only in value adding activities and by eliminating non value adding activities such as eliminating catering. In my point of view I believe RYANAIR was successful in managing the strategic management process by matching itself to its external environment. However, it does not have a major market share as the leader though it has beaten the market leader in many areas. Therefore, I suggest following recommendations for RYANAIR to achieve its potential improve its market share. References Cavendish, Camilla, A policy that pretends we can all fly on the cheap is a policy that wont fly, The Times, 5 January 2006 Doganis, R., 2001, The Airlines Business in the Twenty-first Century, Routledge, London Fletcher J (2003) .Strategic management Study guide and plan Edith Cowan University Perth Australia Hubbard, G. Rice, J. Beamish, P. [2008] Strategic management Thinking analysis action 3rd edition Pearson education Australia Lynch, Richard (2000), Corporate Strategy 2nd Ed. Pearson Education Ltd, ISBN 0- 273-64303-7 Miller A, (1998), Strategic Management, McGraw Hill, 3rd Edition. New York. Study Guide: Strategic Management Ryanair industry details retrieved on the 21st may 2010 from www.ryanair.com Viljoen, J. Dann, S. 4th edition (2003). Strategic Management, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales: Pearson Education Pty Ltd. Appendix Appendix 1 Ryanairs Introduction Ryanair started its operation in 1985. In the first year more than 5,000 passengers traveled between South Eastern Ireland and London. The company expanded continuously and 600, 000 passengers traveled per year in 14 aircrafts by 1989.Past four years the cost increased substantially and ends up with loss of  £20 million. In 1990 the current CEO Mr. Michael OLeary took over the management and conducted major changes in the company. Ryanair followed the low cost-low frills concept and reduces the routes from 19 to 5 by 1991. The company increased the fleet to 21 over the next 6 years and remarkable increase in passenger traveled in Ryanair due to its low pricing policy. European regulation restricted Ryanair to take advantage to implement low pricing policy. Ryanair took full advantage in 1997 open new routes in Continental Europe due to deregulation of European Union air transportation regulation. Ryanair established 160 routes by 2001 and hubs established around the continent in London, Glasgow, Brussels, Frankfort, Milan, Now Ryanair is the most profitable and key players in the European budget airline market. Appendix 2 Low cost carrier business model (Source MERCER management consulting 2002) Appendix 3 COPORATE STRETEGY. Corporate Parenting Parenting strategy Portfolio Analysis BCG Matrix Directional Strategy Growth Stability Retrenchment Corporate strategy basically explains about the direction of the firm. It go through in three ways. They are as follows: Directional strategy This strategy includes three points which are growth, stability and retrenchment. Growth explains expansion and growth of the company. Here we are going to look at the growth perspective of Ryanair. Stability explains ryanairs did not change its current activities. Retrenchment explains strategies reduce the companys level of activities. Portfolio Ill explain about the BCG Matrix. BCG Matrix is a best analysis part to analyzing and managing the performance of a business unit within the organization. It developed to identify the growth rate of an industry by classifying its business unit. This BCG matrix relies on lifecycle and experience curve Relative market Share Low High DOGS CASH COWS PROBLEM CHILDREN STARS Industry Growth Rate% High Low This BCG Matrix growth strategy explains the growth of the company. If we looked at this case study Ryanair is in stars position that means high industry growth rate and having high relative market share. COPORATE LEVEL Low High Cost reduce Need for local responsiveness High Low Global strategy Export strategy Multi domestic strategy Transactional strategy Ryanair is moving from export strategy to transactional strategy. Export strategy which explains products are standard but can varied, market is usually main market, operation location done in home market, and strategy control is done by home. Here coordination level and local responsiveness is low. Transactional strategy explains the product are same as export strategy, market means all markets, operation location done in two way organizational structure, strategy control varies with a product are within global framework and coordination level as well as local responsive level is high. Ryanair moves from export strategy to transactional strategy to adopt more strategies to survive in the world. Ryanair evaluate on No Frills segment, low fare cost leadership, ancillary revenue into focus differentiation and adopting transactional strategy and no fares relationship. Appendix 4 Leadership vs. Management Leadership and management are two terms used to define a group behavior in a professional setting. Leadership and management are inter-connected and inter-dependent concepts. Leadership Management Setting up new goals, vision or planning a new strategy Contorting the organizing to achieve realistic goals and objectives Managing the group properly Help the leaders to achieve the goals on collective vision of the group Seeks effectiveness do the right thing Seeks efficiency do things right Provides direction to the group Enforces control Thrives on opportunity Lives for the job well done Make people go down in history as great men to inspire generations. Only behavioral aspects that alter with environment and requirements Leaders are made, not born According to Great Man theory, Leaders are born and not made. In my point of view leader are made and some or all of the following helps them to become a great leader, their background, education, knowledge and experience, and their career path. If we further explain leadership as anyone in a position whose success requires the support of others can play the role of a leader. Leaders have ability to discuss, communicate, influence, and control others to do things is absolutely indispensable to everything you achieve in life. Of course, everyone you meet has different values, opinions, attitudes, beliefs, cultural values, work habits, goals, ambitions, and dreams. Successful leader should have leadership traits. When you become capable in your job or skill, then you become skillful at understanding the motivations and behaviors of other people. Michael OLeary deeply believes leaders are made not born. Mr. Herb Kelleher is the one born with leadership quality the founder of original budgeted airline, Southwest Airline in the United States Mr. Michael OLeary is made leader who flowed budgeted Southwest Airline model in the European market Leadership Skills Getting and giving information Getting and giving information is probably number one competency required from leaders. Leaders should be communicating effectively and must be able to exchange information effectively and accurately. In Ryanair Michael OLeary is the leader who gives decision to others to do. He has the charismatic power to control all its staff and work under him. Understanding the needs and characteristics of the Group As the group plans and carries out activities, Michael OLeary learns more about the individuals needs and characteristics. Knowing and understanding the resources of the Group Knowing group peoples skills, attitudes, backgrounds and experience and to use an effective technique for bring a group together and creating commitment to common goals. Controlling the Group A group exists for a purpose. As a leader exerts control, he needs to balances to get the jo

Canterbury Tales :: essays research papers

In the poem, The Canterbury Tales, there were two characters that were completely from each other. The two characters were two parts of a whole which is a dichotomy, for example there were a ying and a yang. The parson was the light side, which is the ying and the friar represents the yang. The parson is a good man who is poor, but he is rich in holy thoughts and works. He was satisfied with himself for knowing he had very little, and he was also very benign, and was also ready to give his poor parishioners anything that he could get. Chaucer does this to show the good side of The Church, and Chaucer does not do that real often in his tales. The friar is the exact opposite. He was the best friar around because no one knew as much dalliance and sweet talk as he did. He knew all the taverns, innkeepers and barmaids more than the lepers and beggars. He believed that being seen with paupers was not good for a man in his position and there was no profit to be made with them, unlike with the rich and the sellers of food which is profitable. He was also the best beggar in the area and no one else moved into his turf. In his tale he was a man that said he would pretend that he was holy. He also gives the best pardons to the people that give him the maximum amount of money. In the poem, Chaucer makes a statement that says he is the only person that practices his profession accurately. During the Middle Ages friars were supposed to attack sinners and evil away from the people, but they soon figured out that this was a profitable business. The most ironic thing about the friars was that they were supposed to drive evil away from people, but they committed evil deeds themselves.

A Philosophical View of Animal Rights :: Philosophy Animal Rights Equality Essays

A Philosophical View of Animal Rights Should animals be harmed to benefit mankind? This pressing question has been around for at least the past two centuries. During the early nineteenth century, animal experiments emerged as an important method of science and, in fact, marked the birth of experimental physiology and neuroscience as we currently know it. There were, however, guidelines that existed even back then which restricted the conditions of experimentation. These early rules protected the animals, in the sense that all procedures performed were done so with as little pain as possible and solely to investigate new truths. Adopting the animals? perspectives, they would probably not agree that these types of regulations were much protection, considering the unwanted pain that they felt first followed by what would ultimately be their death. But, this is exactly the ethical issue at hand. For the most part, animal rights are debated in regards to two issues: 1) whether animals have the ability to rationalize or g o through a logical thought process and 2) whether or not animals are able to experience pain. However, ?it will not do simply to cite differences between humans and animals in order to provide a rational basis for excluding animals from the scope of our moral deliberations? (Rollin 7). This, Bernard Rollin claims, would be silly. He says that to do this is comparable to a person with a full head of hair excluding all bald men from his moral deliberations simply because they are bald. The true ethical question involved is, ?do these differences serve to justify a moral difference (Rollin 7). Also, which differences between humans and non-humans are significant enough to be considered in determining the non-human?s fate? Over the years, many differences have been proposed. Some theorize that rights depend upon the ability to possess interest, which in turn depend upon the ability to form verbal formulations, for example. If this were so, then it would rule out the possibility of rights for most animals, with maybe the exception of some primates. But, as Rodd states, ?beings incapable of possessing genuine rights might possess moral status in virtue of other qualities, such as the capacity for suffering? (Rodd 4). So, it is easily seen how many views have accumulated over time. The task of determining animal rights has also come into the context of examining these inherent differences on qualitative and quantitative levels.

Exploring The Novel Poisonwood Bible And Macbeth English Literature Essay

The drama Macbeth by William Shakespeare and the fresh Poisonwood Bible by Barbara Kingsolver, are literary plants that explore the deep desires of self fulfilment. While many different literary devices are outstanding in both plants, this paper will concentrate on the intervention of subjects by both writers. Namely the subjects of power and control. These subjects are best highlighted in Lady Macbeth from Macbeth and Nathan Price from the Poisonwood Bible. These two characters best develop the subjects of power and control through their shared features of aspiration, use and pitilessness. Ambition is a reoccurring tool of character development in both The Poisonwood Bible and Macbeth, employed by the writers to stress the overall subjects of power and control. Nathan is a clergyman from America in the Congo trying to conform the small town of Kilanga to the Catholic religion. His aspiration and motivations are powered by fright and blind religion in God, coupled with desire for personal power-which he self interestedly translated into taking control of the small town and holding power over the people. He besides believes that if he does non finish the undertaking he will be unable to come in heaven. His aspiration begins to over power his judgement, his ability to ground and his construct of household, which causes the small town people to beat up against him to seek and re derive their freedom and independency hence exercising their ain signifier of power and re-enforcing the overall subjects. Unlike Nathan ‘s gradual and increased aspiration, Lady Macbeth â₠¬Ëœs aspiration is instantly apparent from the beginning of the drama, and merely grows as the desire for the throne and its power direct her over the border. She right off begins to piece a program to kill King Duncan in order to put her hubby Macbeth in line for the throne. This compulsion drives her insane, and like Nathan her ability to ground, her judgement and her scruples are clouded by her demand for power and control. She acted in ways that showed that she would halt at nil in order to derive the throne even if it meant slaying. Both characters became so ambitious in their efforts to derive power and wield control, that it finally drives them to their ain deceases. Manipulation is another changeless, though more subtly employed, word picture tool in both plants. She manipulated Macbeth into killing Duncan, in order to derive the rubric of King and Queen. Lady Macbeth ironically, felt excessively guilty to kill Duncan herself-due to resemblance to her father-however, had no scruple or concern for Macbeths witting when she manipulated him into killing his friend. In order to carry through this she began oppugning Macbeth ‘s manhood, seeking to convert him that he was emasculate -hence weaker so she, so she and that he could non step up to the undertaking of killing Duncan. This mental use made him oppugn his judgement, which led to him going really baffled. In the terminal her uses were successful, assisting her achieve the power and control she so greatly desired. Nathan like Lady Macbeth, abused his household in order to acquire what he wanted. The villagers had become so fed up with Nathan seeking to command them and their faith that the y rebelled, killing all the white people in their small town. Nathan ‘s married woman and kids are in secret fixing to get away to America, but Nathan, out of fright of solitariness, begins to mistreat and pull strings his married woman, and endanger the lives of his kids, in order to acquire them to stay in the small town and let him to go on his quest. This maltreatment and use allowed Nathan to recover power and control over his household, while doing them even more anguish as they impotently watch the deceases of many people they loved. Both Lady Macbeth and Nathan ‘s uses and evident deficiency of guilt over them, show to the audience merely how pitiless both characters are. This pitilessness is a 3rd of import manner the characters are both developed and the subjects enriched. Nathan is so determined to complete the quest God sent him to make that he forgot his ethical motives and committed awful Acts of the Apostless in order to obtain power over the small town people and control over his household ensuing in the loss of many guiltless lives. His chief distressing act of pitilessness was working his girls and coercing them to remain in the Congo so that he could keep his control over them while the villagers fought for their freedom. These egoistic actions resulted in the decease of his four girls and married woman, go forthing him entirely. Lady Macbeth was far more pitiless so Nathan, upon hearing that Macbeth was to be king she immediately began to inquire God to do her into more of a adult male in order to be able to perpetrate slaying. â€Å" Come, you spirits that tend on moral ideas, unsex me here, aˆ?aˆ?And make full me, from the Crown to the toe, Top-full of direst inhuman treatment. aˆ?aˆ?A Make midst my blood. â€Å" ( Lady Macbeth- Act 1 scene V ) . She lost her scruples wholly and began to move without witting in the effort to derive the throne, her symbols of power and control. Lady Macbeth increasingly becomes more pitiless, until she does non even question the idea of killing Duncan in order to be following in line to the throne, she is over whelmed in her ain desires, that she forgot about everything else that use to affair. Throughout both Macbeth and the Poisonwood Bible both writers develop their several characters of Lady Macbeth and Nathan Price by foregrounding their picks and actions through aspiration, use and pitiless action. These characters therefore serve to foreground the overall subjects of power and control in both plants. Both Nathan and Lady Macbeth sacrificed everything for power and control non recognizing the true cost. Nathan losingss his full household and is left to populate entirely, and Lady Macbeth looses her saneness, driving herself to take her ain life. Their battle for power and control wrecked many lives and in the terminal their several triumphs was so little that it all did non look worth the attempt. COMPARATIVE ESSAY Having†¦ Lady Macbeth from Shakespear ‘s Macbeth and Nathan Price from the Poisonwood Bible By: Tori Skot For: Ms.Zaikos January 7, 2008

Request for Payment

Jan Nikolas Acounting department IKEA Edinburgh United Kingdom 18 March 2012 Juan Trujillo Manager Peter Darby London United Kingdom Dear Juan Trujillo, I am writing to you in the matter of the contract with your company named Peter Darby. I produced for your company three hundred office desks. I has passed two month since the delivery. This order was at very short notice, but we were able to react quickly and deliver .. goods in time. We have yet not receive the payment for this contract. In the terms and conditions of our sales agreement †¦ is clearly stated, that you have to sent .. payment within thirty days of receipt of invoice.Our company is known for their patience and good handling with customers. I have already sent you two reminders, first four weeks after overdue and another four weeks after that. Feel free to check enclosed invoice and copies of the previous reminders. Now the acount is more than eight weeks overdue and I  am asking you politely to set the things straight as fast as possible. I  have constantly waited for the payment and it has affected my work and future contracts with other customers. I  have to warn you that you have already been charged 3% a  month in adition to payment for the late remittance as is stated in our terms and conditions.If we do not close this deal until next month, an interest will be raised to 5% a  month and you will be charged extra fee in ammount of 10% of your debt. I  also intend to take more steps if you keep not responding to our cause but I  honestly hope that taking this deal in front of the court will not be necessary. I  believe this is a  big misunderstanding and we will close this deal in short time. I  thank you   for your cooperation regarding this matter. I  wish you well in your future and I  hope we can continue doing business together, that will be smooth once again. Yours sincerely Martin Zajicek Branch DirectorI am writing to you in the matter of the contract w ith your company named Peter Darby. I had produced for your company three hundred office desks. It has passed two months since the merchandize had been delivered. This order was at very short notice, but we were able to react quickly and deliver the goods in time. We have not received the payment for this contract yet. In the terms and conditions of our sales agreement, there is clearly stated, that you have to send the payment within thirty days of receipt of invoice. Our company is well-known for its patience and respectful handling with the customers.I have already sent you two reminders, first four weeks after the overdue and the other four weeks after that. Feel free to check enclosed invoice and copies of previous reminders. Now the acount is more than eight weeks overdue and I  am asking you politely to set the things straight as fast as possible. I  have constantly waited for the payment and it has disorganized my work and future contracts with other customers. I  have to warn you that you have already been charged 3% a  month in adition to payment for the late remittance as it is stated in our terms and conditions.If we do work this deal out until next month, an interest will be raised to 5% a  month and you will be charged extra fee in ammount of 10% of your debt. I  also intend to take more steps if you keep not responding to our cause but I  honestly hope that taking this deal to the court will not be necessary. I  believe this is a  big misunderstanding and we will deal with it in a short time. I  thank you   for your cooperation regarding this matter. I  wish you will do well in your future and I  hope we can continue doing business together, that will be smooth once again.