Theories Of Representation Essay Example for Free

Theories Of Representation EssayThey say dickens heads atomic number 18 better than wiz and I suppose, having two codes to represent knowledge is more advantageous than just depositing on one code. Visual and verbal codes of representations enable the mind to have a more vivid memory board of the reading or concept that needs to be recalled (Kosslyn, Ganis Thompson, 2001). For example, if I need to remember directions in going to my friends place in a city I am visiting for the second time, I could easily opticalize the appearance of the streets, the stores in the neighborhood and the localization of function of my friends house, at the same time, this picture in my head can be validated by the verbal codes of the names of the street, the signage in the stores and a landmark in the neighborhood. If I relied only on visual codes, the appearance of suburban homes in a large neighborhood would be similar and I would have difficulty ascertaining which one is my friends place, on the other hand, if I only used verbal codes, then I have to authorize the day going around the neighborhood conveying each street sign until I get to the right street.Likewise, using both verbal and visual cues aid in remembering texts and information needed to successfully pass a test or an examination. Verbal codes are words, and when we memorize concepts and information, it is by memorizing the words, phrases and heretofore sentences and paragraphs.Visual codes refer to pictures or our mental representations of what we have contriven (Neath Suprenant, 2003). I study using my notes and outline of a particular subject, I file my notes, I read the book and I found out that I seem to remember more if I visualize the position of the text as I read it, or the kind of pen I used or even the color of the paper. It helped me remember information I have missed if I cuss on verbal codes alone, since we know that our capacity to remember words are very small.Moreover, I find that small fryren and even adults learn more when they are presented with information using rich media, the use of the computer and even direct instruction uses both verbal and visual cues (Kurtz, Gentner Gunn, 1999). Spelling programs in the computer present a series of letters and the child has to arrange the letters to spell the word correctly, the word is represented by a corresponding picture and when a child is confronted with the picture, she would associate the word to it and vice versa.For adults, skills training usually are hands on, experiential or involve modeling behavior or role playing. The learners are given input or materials in text to describe, define and understand the specific skill to be learned, the teacher then demonstrates the skill, which would be committed to memory facilitating the knowledge of new skills (Pylyshyn, 2002).An example is the use of machinery, if the new employee works with equipment for the first time, he/she can read the manual and then tink er with the machine to see how it would work, and again the learning of skills is based on the visual operation of the machine and the verbal codes in the manual. The verbal codes serves as the guide to how the machine should be operated, turn the visual codes present in the sequence of operations like what button to press first and what knob to turn is the behavioral manifestation of successful learning of the new skill.There are instances however wherein one of the codes would be dominant and the other supports or enriches the dominant code (Neath Suprenant, 2003), for example, in remembering texts and definitions, one would rely on verbal codes, but visual codes can help in remembering what those words were. In the same way, if we have to remember a burst from a movie, visualizing the scene would be more important, but remembering what was said in that scene would help us identify what the scene was about. In conclusion, two codes are better and we need to discover how it coul d work together to improve memory and learning.ReferencesKosslyn, S., Ganis, G. Thompson, W. (2001). Neural foundations of imagery. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2 635-642.Kurtz, K., Gentner, D. Gunn, V. (1999). Reasoning. In D.E. Rumelhart B.M. Bly (Eds).Cognitive Science enchiridion of Perception and Cognition 2nd ed. San Diego Academic Press, pp. 145-200.Neath, I. Suprenant, A.(2003). Human Memory. Belmont, CA., Wadswoth/ThompsonLearning.Pylyshyn, Z. (2002). Mental imagery In search of a theory. Behavioral and Brain Science, 25157-238.

Hammond Organ and the Leslie Speaker Essay Example for Free

Hammond Organ and the Leslie Speaker EssayBehind the Hammond organ is a public kat once as Laurens Hammond subsequently whom the euphonyal instrumentate is named. The Hammond organ is an electric organ that was invented in 1934. It was the work of Hammond Organ go with. The lodge originally made the instrument and sell it to churches. It was apply as an alternative to the pipe organ used at that time in churches. The pipe organ was wind-driven. The new alternative was cost- feative. In the finale between 1960 and 1970, the Hammond Organ became a standard keyboard and was popular in the playing of jazz, rock music, blues as well as gospel music (Laurens Hammond). Lauren Hammond, the man behind the Hammond Organ filed U. S. rights to manu particularure a new kind of electrical musical instrument. His idea of an instrument could recreate the ponderous of a pipe organ. In the month of April 1935, his first invention was exposed to the public. Model A was overly availed in June of the same year. Milt Herth used the instrument for playing his popular music live on WIND (AM) immediately upon its release. During World War II, the instrument was used by the military chapels in the US as well as the post theatres.It is therefore possible that the familiarity of the military with the organ could have contributed in making it popular in the period after the war (Laurens Hammond Hammond organ history). For Hammond, knowledgeableness of the organ was aimed at replacing the pipe organs with an affordable substitute in middle class residences. He also intended it as a gadget for radio broadcasting. The organ however began to be used by jazz musicians in the 1950s. Such musicians include Jimmy Smith. Its popularity in pop music led to its use in the British Radio 360 blank space. In that country, the organ was associated with ice rinks and elevator music.Later on, it became the organ popular with rock musicians Steve Winwood, Jon Lord and Keith Emerson in the 1 960s and 1970s (Hammond organ history). The first Hammond organ that was made by Hammond Organ Company was operating on additive synthesis of waveforms that were got from harmonical series. The harmonic series were in turn made by mechanical tonewheels that rotate in front of electromagnet pickups. On the two keyboards ar mounted some drawbars. The drawbars are slid in order to mix the element waveform ratios. Different models of the Hammond organ were produced but the Hammond B-3 organ model was and still is the intimately popular.The B-3 organ was for instance used towards the end of the 1960s and in the beginning of the 1970s for its overdriven reasoned. It was popular in progressive rock bands as well as blues rock. These earlier stochastic variable has been used for a long time. This is despite the fact that the last electromechanical Hammond Organ came off the assembly in the middle of 1970 (Hammond organ history). After the electromagnetic organ, the musicians of the 1980 s and 1990s started using other electronic and digital appliances to reproduce the sound which was produced by the Hammond Organ.This was solely because the determinate Hammond Organ is relatively heavy and exhausting to move from one place to another. This imitation was made easier by the digital signal processing and sampling technology in the years after 1990 and musicians could now copy the original Hammond sound (Edward). Most of the existing traditional organ fanatics prefer the Hammond tonewheels. Some of the popular models of this organ have tube amplifiers. In addendum some of the most recent of the Hammond organ have a combination of tonewheel and solid amplifiers. The Hammond Organ Company is now the property of the Suzuki Company.Now Hammond Suzuki, the company manufactures digital organs which reproduce the sound of the tonewheel organ (Laurent Hammond). The Leslie Speaker On the other hand, the man behind the idea of the Leslie utterer is also the person after whom the instrument is named. His name is Donald Leslie. The Leslie Speaker is a special creation. It is an amplifier or loud speaker system that is often associated with Laurent Hammonds Hammond organ. It is used by musicians to create special audio effects that mention use of the Doppler effect. Together with the Hammond organ, the two are a popular ubiquitous component in most of the existing varieties of music.Like the Hammond Organ, the Leslie speakers outturn has also been taken over by the Suzuki Musical Instruments (Henricksen). At the beginning, the Hammond Organ Company refused to hire Don Leslie. Nevertheless, the man worked under a contract with the Hammond Company for some time. Don Leslie did some work for the local electric company replacing the anile fifty cycle rotor tone generators. Instead of these, they assign in place the lx cycle units in the homes of customers. When it was first invented, the Leslie speaker was called the Vibratone. This was in 1941 about six years after the invention of the Hammond Organ.Vibratone was later select by the Fender Guitar Company when they manufactured a speaker system and effects unit which included a Leslie rotating speaker. Soon after Leslie sold the company under which he manufactured the Leslie speaker, Fender Company also adopted the name Leslie in 1965. At this time, even Fender had been bought by CBS and it was under CBS that Leslies company as well as Fender now operated. The name was therefore used, to be precise, by the CBS Company (Henricksen). The Leslie speaker was not advertised. Don Leslie demonstrate a prototype with loading dock Mitchell near the Los Angeles city.The prototype was a rotating baffle put in a hole in a small public press that had a big speaker. It was in the closet near Don Leslies organ at home. Bob Mitchell was an organ player at the radio station KFI near Los Angeles. After the demonstration was made, Don Leslie was contracted to put in another similar prototype in t he studios at the radio station where Bob worked. Only Bob Mitchell would be permitted to use this new installation. This awed Mitchell so much that he made attempts to copyright that speaker. This he did not succeed in though. After this, Mitchell was employed by the Mutual Broadcasting System as an organist.During his shows, Mitchell played the Hammond organ together with the Leslie speaker. From this, the exposure of the two inventions to the public was quick and guaranteed. From then, most of the organ players regardless of whether they were professional or part-time yearned for the sound created by these organs. In the jazz community for example, Jimmy Smith, the jazz organ player aided in popularization of the sound among the artists of rock-roll in the years between 1950 and 1960 and even at the beginning of the 60s. At this time, the Leslie speaker had a height of more than sixty inches.It was referred to as the 30A. Don Leslie was inspired by this to manufacture more of th e series founded by this 30A. He called the series Tall Boys or the 31 series. Later in the 50s, Don Leslie also made the 21H. These were meant for use in homes, smaller radio sound stages and venues for concerts. The first units were produced in 1941. From this time, the Leslie speaker was cognize under several diametrical names. Such names as might be used to refer to the same speaker include Brittain Speakers, Hollywood Speakers and Crawford Speakers. In 1946 though, the speaker went back to its old known, the Leslie Vibratone.After seventeen years of rejection, the man behind the invention of the speaker asserted the company for sale to Hammond. Don Leslie had waited for seventeen years to sell the company and after declaring hi interest in selling it again to Hammond, he waited thirty days. After this period, he still had not heard from Hammond. He retracted his offer (The Hammond organ history Edward). In 1980, the Leslie name and the Electro Music were bought by the Hammon d Corporation from their present owners, the CBS Company. It is now the property of Hammond under the company name Hammond Suzuki in regular army (Edward).The Leslie speaker is used even to the present day and is actually very popular. In the present day, the Leslie parts can be got from various sources besides the fact that there are websites that offer plans which could help individual to construct the speaker. The sites have even posted photographic examples to guide one through the process. The modern Leslie speaker now has more enhanced speakers as well as electronics. Henricksen writes that the web even has a 500 W high performance model. In addition, the classic Leslie speaker has continued to be made and availed in the market.Similar effects can nevertheless be obtained through analogue electronic gadgets and digital imitation. The sound produced by the Leslie Speaker can be imitated by phase and chorus shifter instruments. In spite of this, nothing has the ability to copy the sound of the Leslie speaker that is heard in person. The imitation of the sound by some digital gadgets can however make distinction difficult (Henricksen). Conclusion The Hammond Company had also designed a set of speakers to work with the Hammond organ. However, most of the organ players have a preference for playing the Hammond via a rotating speaker cabinet.This speaker cabinet is what is known as the Leslie speaker after its inventor Donald Leslie and after many changes of names. (Donald Leslie lived between 1913 and 2004). This speaker system is an integrated combination of amplifiers where sound is produced after rotating a bird of night over a treble driver that is not moving. This is in addition to a rotating baffle as mentioned earlier which is placed under a non-moving bass voice woofer. The resulting characteristic sound is due to the pitch shifts that are in constant alteration made from the Doppler effect produced in turn by the moving sound sources.The original i dea was to imitate the complicated tones and constantly altering sound sources originating from the big group of ranks in a pipe organ. From this initial organ, the effects were diametrical depending on the rotor speed. The speed can be fastened between fast and slow by use of a console. The most characteristic effect is heard either when the speaker starts or stops rotating. Paul Di Matteo is known for the modifications he made to the Leslie cabinets. He replaced the original transducers with what is now a woofer of about 18 inches that has dual high frequency drivers well-liked for the high power stage applications.Reference Edward, Peterson. The rich history of the electric organ. Hammond Organ History. http//thehammondorganstory. com/chapterxv. asp (30 April 2009). Henricksen, C. A. , Unearthing the mysteries of the Leslie cabinet. Recording Engineer/ producer magazine, April 1981. http//theatreorgans. com/hammond/faq/mystery/mystery. html (30 April 2009). Laurens Hammond. E lectrical Musical Instrument. U. S. Pat. No. 1956350. http//www. google. com/patents? id=NUlkAAAAEBAJ (30 April 2009).

Design And Build Procurement Route Changes Construction Essay

inclination And install Procurement R break throughe Changes Construction EssayThe target and work out procurance route changes the traditional sequence of work. It answers the Employers wishes for a single- quest of responsibility in an alleged attempt to reduce risks and overall approachs. It is now commonly used in numerous countries and forms of contracts are widely available. institution- pulp is some times compared to the master craper approach, champion of the oldest forms of construction procedure. Comparing contrive-build to the traditional method of procural, the authors of be after- relieve oneself Contracting Handbook noted that from a diachronic perspective the so-called traditional approach is actually a very recent concept, only being in use approximately 150 years. In contrast, the initiation-build concept also known as the master builder concept as been reported as being in use for over cardinal millennia. (Songer,1996).The disadvantage of the tradi tional procurance method had been identified in some reports. check to Lathem Report (1994), it verbalize that the traditional method has the worry of adversarial and inefficient manner of doing things and separation of the portions and responsibility of aggroup members. According to the Construction Industry Review Committee Report (2001) stated that a high degree of fragmentation with an adversarial grow and a contractual and confrontational culture would be developed.The alternative procural method would be sought for solving those problems.Describing Design and Build as a viable alternative method, Songer and Molenaar (1996) concluded that there are a number of advantages associated with Design and Build such as comprise nest egg, improved constructability, time savings and claim reduction. From the Employers perspective, the single point of responsibility is the most attractive benefit derived from the DB procurance approach (Chan 2000). With the support of case stu dies and quantitative data, Hale et al. (2009) pointed out the Design and Build is superior to the traditional procurement clay hence recommended to use Design and Build approach in both public and buck private sectors. Levy (2006, p.197) even suggested that the design-build delivery system appears to be a perfect vehicle by which to pursue sustainable or green building construction.According to Chan and Chan (2004), the completion time as it relates to speed of a labor depended on the procurement method adopted for the project. They attri unlessed the slow delay observed in i of the projects to be due to the use of the traditional procurement method. However, they recognize the possibility of other factors playing a role that it was noted as the project who has suffered delays obtained breach results in terms of cost compared those obtained through the method of design and build methodThe increasing the complexity of the project, the Employer would be hesitated to how to reduc e the time for design and the time for construction. The Employer was willing to seek for the alternative method to reduce the time of the design stage and the construction time and improve the performance of the projects. There are many alternative procurement methods relieve oneself been developed in recent years such as Novated Design and Build and Enhanced Design and Build. The traditional procurement method is not the only choice for the Employer.Design and build is now one of the most frequently used procurement routes in construction and it is a radical departure from the traditional design-bid-build method. The use of design and build is on the increase with many Employers perceiving it as providing better value for money and giving forward motion to less disputes than other procurement methods. As per the surveys of Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors,2004 , new procurement trends hindquarters be identified which may be associated with the boom out period in constr uction in the early part of the decade and it clearly shows that the Design and construction has become the single dominant method since the old survey in 1995, it was the traditional methodUnder a design and build contract the affirmer assumes primary responsibility for the design of the development, in addition to its traditional role to supply work and materials. The declarer engages the design consultants, or more usually, has the appointments of the design Consultants novated to him.2.1 THE DEFINITION OF THE name AND BUILD PROCUREMENT systemDesign and build is and disposition in which a building contractor enters into a contract with you to design and construct your new building. It is the simplest approach, as one firm is responsible for producing the building you call for rather than this responsibility being divided amongst some(prenominal) firms, as is the case with every other approach. (Sarah Peace and John Bennett, How to use a design build approach for a constru ction project, CLOB, P2)Masterman(1992) state that the term Design and Build has almost been unanimously interpreted and defined as being an arrangement where one contracting giving medication takes sole responsibility, normally on a lump sum fixed price basis, for the bespoke design and build of a Employers project. This contains triplet main elements the responsibility for design and build, contractors reimbursement is generally by means of a fixed price lump sum and the project is designed and built specifically to meet the Employers needs.According to David Chappell (1997), Design and Build contracts place responsibility for both design and erection in the hands of the contractor one point of responsibility for everything. In this system contractor will carry out two functions design and construct.In other definition, design and build is an arrangement where one government design and build to the firm order for the Employer to a single financial transaction. The Chartered Ins titute of Building (CIOB-1983) defines Design and Build as the process where the Employer deals nowadays with the contractor for the complete building and it is the contractor who is not only responsible for but also coordinates the separate design and build process, including engagement of the design team up who are, therefore contractually linked with the contractor and not the Employer.The diagram below shows the contractual relationship in the design and builds procurement method.ClientDesign BuildContractorIn-house designers orexternal consultantsSpecialistContractorsSource Sarah Peace and John Bennett, How to use a design build approach for a construction project, CLOB, P2In practice, Design and Build procurement is generally structured in one of two waysThe Employers employ a dedicated Design and Build organization with its own in house design team.The Employers engage a general building contractor who employs external design consultant members of the contractors team for t he duration of the project.2.2 STRENGTHS OF DESIGN AND BUILD PROCUREMENT SYSTEMAs the Design and Build defined, it is therefore important to reveal the strength or advantagesof Design and Build as procurement system.One of the prominent feature of Design and Build is to provide a single point responsibility. This is achieved by allocating all design responsibility and liability to the contractor alone. The owner may have more design options to choose from the respective design builders who enter the play. Owner will tend to have variation of design ideas together with the judge cost that was proposed based on his requirements. contrasted traditional approach which only appoint a single unit of design team to come out with the design ideas, Design and Build will produce much more different design ideas from the design builder who enter the tender (P. Chan et al.,1997).The owners administrative burdens may be reduced because the procurement of design and build services is consolida ted into a single selection process. After award of the Design and Build contract, the owner will not be required to spend time and effort coordinating and arbitrating between separated design and build contracts. darn the process does require the owner to provide prudent oversight of the design and build process, this responsibility is considerable less time consuming and exposes the owner to removed fewer risks than the traditional approach (P. Chan et al.. 1997 Dennis Turner, 1986).Figure 2.0 (A) Single point responsibility D B Contract ,(B) Fragmentedresponsibility traditional contract (Source Bennett and Grice, 1992)In addition to the single point responsibility, cost and completion time is firm in the Design and Build procurement method. This means the Employer knows his total financial cargo in the initial stage of the project, provided he does not introduce any changes throughout the project.The Design and Build entity is responsible for quality, budget, schedule, and p erformance of the completed facility. With the single point of contact, Employers can concentrate on definition of needs and timely decision-making rather than on coordination between designer and contractor. Besides, the Design and Build entity has total responsibility for the complete product and cannot shift design errors of construction defects to another party.Therefore, it will likely to end up with the expected or higher quality of end product. Unlike Design and Build approach, traditional approach contracts rely on restrictive wording, adversarial audit and inspection requirements and the legal system to attain project quality (Jeffrey L. rim et al., 2001).Cost has always become the key considerations affecting adoption of Design and Build procurement method. Whilst project time is relatively easy to interpret and dominance savings clearly identified, project cost is more ambiguous and therefore difficult to evaluate. A prominent consideration for the Employer, in any pro curement form, is that concluding cost does not exceed the project budget. In this respect, Design and Build certainly presents a better chance of the Employer obtaining his completed building within budget. Jerry Adanison (2001), explained that several financial considerations make Design and Build desirable. Private sector have implement Design and Build for financial reasons. Completing a project speedily can save Owners used to finance projects.On the question of cost, real cost savings can also be made in Design and Build. According to Mastermann (1992), when using this system, the initial an final costs are lower than when using other methods of procurement because of diminished design costs, the integration of the design and build elements and in built build ability of the detailed design. Cost savings may also result in timesaving. The overall effects is reduction in the Employers financing charges, lesser effect of inflation and faster building operation, which, in a comm ercial context, produces an earlier return on the capital, invested, (Frank 1998).2.3 FACTORS CONSIDERED IN PROCUREMENT METHOD SELECTION CRITERIARequirements of the EmployerThe successful of the procurement method should fulfill the requirements of the employer. The objective of the Employer should be identified. Employer would require the best design for their project and meet his requirement stated in the Employers requirement. Time should be as fast as possible for the construction period. The cost of the building should be as lower as to satisfy his requirement. The Employer would take to minimize the contractual risk to avoid the unnecessary trouble.TimeAs time is money, the duration of construction period of the project is very important. Time at large, the time spending on the planning, construction and development would affect the economic scale of the Employer. The Employer would seek for the shorter construction period to earn for the greatest profit. The time- related co st item such as the cost of site office, human resources would increase as the duration of the construction period become longer. The early release the building, the great profit for the Employer.QualityThe quality of the workmanship and the quality of material is one of the main concerns for the Employer in general. The quality of the building should meet the requirement stated in the spec of the contract.CostThe development cost, the construction cost and the operation cost are the concern of the Employer. They totally affect the profit of the Employers. The construction cost is the cost for the building construction such as material cost, plant cost, labour cost. The operation cost is the running cost for the building such as attention cost, management cost. The development cost is the land cost, construction cost and other all expenditure which has paid for the development.CommunicationOne of the major reason for choosing design and build arrangement is to benefit from the go od communication that can occur between the design team and the construction team (Gould, 2003). some of the large design and build companies specialize in particular areas and have developed a smooth flow between the design and build phases of the project. This collaboration allows the project to be easily fast-tracked, cutting down on overall schedule for the project.Direct contact between the Employer and the contractor as provided a Design and Build system lines of communication and enables the contractor to adapt more promptly to the Employers needs. Integration and encouraged inherently within the system (Griffith, 1989).The Employer and contractor will communicate closely during the process of the project. Communication between them will start at the beginning stage of the project. Therefore, in design and build it provides the Employer and contractor an opportunity to interact more oft and more directly than traditional contract. In general, this arrangement allows easier incorporation of changes due to scope or foreseen conditions since their coordination occurs within the same contractual entity. The Employer is less heavily compound and sits outside the direct day to day communication between designer and constructor. This keeps owner staffing to a minimum and puts the full responsibility for good communication and problem solving.RisksThe Design and Build contract transfer more risks to the contractor than any other construction contract. Among a variety of risks, a contractor usually takes on many speculative risks. Risks that can vary in incidence between the parties as they wish.Speculative risks can be within or out with the check over of a contractor (Turner 1990). However, the suitability of a project to the Design and build approach must be carefully undertaken by ensuring that the contractor is able, willing and has relevant experiences to control the risk satisfactorily, otherwise they may pass these back to the Employer (Hogg Morledg e, 1995)Figure 2.0 Risk allocation for each type of procurement system (Hogg Morledge, 1995)2.4 THE FACTOR bear upon THE SUCCESS OF THE DESIGN AND BUILD2.4.1 THE PROJECT CHARACTERISTICLarge and complex projects take longer construction durations. It is difficult to use the design and build procurement in such projects. Because it is unfair for the contractor to take risk on the material inflation on the lump sum fixed price contract. Therefore, the size and the complexity of the project should be considered.2.4.2 THE CONTRACTOR SELECTIONAccording to Sarah Peace and John Bennett, it is very important for the selection of the contactor to process the design and build project. From the mannequin shown that the design and build project in increasing because of the government is willing to use Design and Build procurement method. As the adopting design and build procurement method by the Government, there is the system for selection of the Contractor as per the Procurement Guide Line sThe selecting the Contractor is not only concern the tender price, but also the quality Time, Contractors financial status, potential contractor with good reputation, manpower good record for the previous project as per the pre-qualification marking scheme of home(a) procurement guide lines. Therefore, the contractor who meets the Employers requirement for time and quality at the best price would be selected.2.4.3 THE EMPLOYERS REQUIREMENTThe Employer should fully state their requirement, idea and specification of the workmanship in the Employers requirement. The more detail of the Employers requirement is, the fewer disputes will be occurred in the later stage. The design of the building and the standard of the building is correspond to the Employers requirement. The Employer should understand what he needs in the building and the idea should be fully explained in the Employers requirement.The proposal responded from the Contractor should be carefully checked by the Employers re presentative. Once the Employer accepts the proposal from the Contractor, the contract will be formed between them. The design of the building and the construction method will not be changed which stated in the contractors proposal. The changes by the Employer would cause the great amount of the variation. Therefore, the accepted proposal should be fully understand by the Employer which is suitable to his ideas.According to Ashley et al. (1987) identified 4 factors contributing to project success and grouped them into five areas including (1) management, organization and communication (2) scope and planning (3) controls (4) environmental, economic, political and social and 5) technical. The implications of the Employer should develop a thorough project plan in which the scope of work is clearly defined, and the contractor should understand and commit to the achievement of project objectives. The contractors capability and experience in managing Design and Build project is critical t o project success and project team members commitment toward the project goals is also important.Songer and Molenaar (1997) identified 15 characteristics of successful Design and Build. They found that the pull in five important project characteristics were well-defined scope, shared understanding of scope, owner construction sophistication, adequate owner staffing, and establish budget.Although the Design and Build projects are expected to deliver the project faster and cheaper as compared to the traditional bid and build projects, not all the Design and Build projects can really accomplished it. Many empirical studies have been conducted to examine the impact of various project success factors such as the study of factors for a successful public sector Design and Build projects by Songer and Molenaar (1997), study on architects and builders views on Design and Build procurement method in Hong Kong by Mo and Ng (1997) and many others (Albert P.C. Chan et al., 2001). wherefore Chan et al., (2001) has developed a series factors contributing to the success of Design and Build projects. These factors are the duties, responsibilities and capabilities of different project participants including end-users, contractor, architect and design consultants in Design and Build projects.CONCLUSIONThe intention of this chapter is to present an overview of the literature published on the subject of selecting the procurement method from the current construction industry The objective of the Employer in terms of time, cost, quality and risk would be found out also. And the factor that may determine the successful of the procurement method would be identified. They are the project characteristic, the contractor selection and the employers requirement.In general, it can be summarized that Design and Build provides single point responsibility for the whole design and build. Contractors, who are responsible for the implementation of the project, have power to control all over the projects. This nonetheless does not deter the involvement of the Employer. The Employers need and requirements are always been taken into consideration, which this consequently presents uniqueness of the system.In conclusion, it is essential that whoever really want to procure Design and Build method need a thorough understanding of the types and characteristics of that kind of procurement. Therefore, benefits of Design and Build can be exploited. Many studies also showed that the characteristic of Design and Build that make Design and Build different from other procurement system in crack single point responsibility, fixed time and money, communication, allocation of risks and others. Getting success in Design and Build projects enables an assurance of getting the project completed at the right time and within allocated budget. The Design and Build procurement system has better time performance and cost benefits, which are essentially what the end-users are interested about. This research can be akey to assessing the performance level of Design and Build projects, and the project participants can learn about the important factors for place up an effective management system to turn Design and Build projects with excellent performance.

The effect of human population growth on resources

The effect of valet de chambre community harvest-home on resourcesHuman Population growth and the effect on natural resource consumptionIn the last 50 long time the world population has grown faster than ever before, and in many countries and regions of the world this population growth and the consumption of natural resources resulting from this growth is becoming a matter of great concern for governments and international development agencies (World Bank. 2004). National populations argon expected to grow in every countries of East, southeasterly, and South and Central Asia except Japan and Kazakhstan, populations will double or nearly double in Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Cambodia, and Laos, growth rates will likewise be particularly high in India, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, the Philippines, and Vietnam (Asia Population, 2013). This implies an enormous concern for the reason that population growth represents more consumption, depletion, contam ination and use of natural resources. This essay aims to talk about the population growth crisis, specifically the relationship between population growth, environmental sustainability and ecological impacts due to human intervention on environment.In 1798, Thomas Malthus study the nature of population growth in Europe, he claimed that population was increasing faster than sustenance deed, and he fe argond that eventual global starvation may drop dead unsustainable on the years to come (Malthus, 1798). Several researchers still debate this theory, nevertheless, it is clear that the patterns of consumption and degradation of resources are askly related to population growth and human consumption of natural resources both in developing and developed countries. Some authors doing research about human population growth argue that a signalise component to achieve sustainable development is to slow population growth by helping couples to limit their family size (Public Health Report s 1992). However, contain hold back and population management is not the only strategy required to reduce population growth. Population growth control is not only effective by introducing birth control mechanisms, is it also important to recognize that the medical and scientific advances represents a huge and signifi foundationt itemor regarding population increase. To elaborate, there have been over the years enormous developments on the reduction of infant mortality rate, for instance, mortality rate has dropped significantly compared to fifty or sixty years ago and the control of diseases much(prenominal) as cholera, malaria and dengue are becoming more effective every day, adults rate expectancy is increasing and adults are extending their life expectancy by several(prenominal) years than they used to achieve decades ago. As a result, a greater production and consumption of resources is necessary to sustain the population, and it is unclear whether the food production is su re-footed of growing as fast as population growth is able to grow in the modern world. Environmental problems can be classified accord to the nature of the damage to human health (Holdren and Ehrlich, 1974), the authors argue that Environmental problems are usually a direct effect of wrong human interactions and resource exploitation. gross and every day diseases (lung disease due air pollution, lead poisoning and so many more) are the direct consequence of human activities, the pollution of coastal waters, the acceleration of erosion in agricultural soils are the result of human activities and global degradation on environment. One of the most important problems that requires observation is food production and soil fertility because this kind of degradation is a direct consequence of human activity. Soils increasingly lose their ability to store nutrients and be procreative in their cycles, Water consumption for crops also becomes higher and less sustainable, and production is c onstantly decreasing, resulting in a threatening an irreversible damage to the environment. One font of this problem is the alteration of areas in the lush of the Tigris and Euphrates Valleys through erosion and salt accumulation, consequence of bad irrigation practises and systems (Thorkild and Adams, 1958 ), the Rajasthan desert in India is also a perfect workout of the human pressure on the environment. Another example is the pressure to expand agricultural areas, leading to damaging efforts to cultivate shoot down that is unsuitable to cultivation, much(prenominal) as the expansion of cultivation on hillside in Indonesia, leading to serious erosion and new environmental problems (Ravenholt, 1973). Countless examples of bad agricultural practises can be set up around the globe, the techniques of temperate-zone agriculture to the tropical soils of Brazil, leading to the loss of the soil nutrients and erosion can be found in South America (McNeil, 1972). Coastal regions are al so affected by the human consumption and mismanagement of resources, impacts due the human activity are evident, the mismanagement of waste disposal, water mismanagement, metals and fertilizers residues and oil spills, denigrative pollutants hurled to marine ecosystems, mining, CO2 emissions, greenhouse emissions, and many more harmful environmental practices can be found on different parts of the globe. The New technologies, achievements and developments in the last hundred years concerning agriculture are not resolving these environmental conflicts in a small period of time, for this reason it is urgent to occur creative solutions to address these issues and achieve sustainability in order to create a consistent solution to the population growth concern.According to naturalist Sir David Attenborough (BBC, 2010) there are three favourable ways to get sustainable development first stop consuming so many resources, and one of the theories is that developed countries should stop vic timization so many resources in order to allow developing countries to meet their pauperism for resources, An example of this is the production methods of food that many developed countries have on countries like China and Africa to meet their own needs and to export and sustain their own population, causing a enormous demand problem in production that constrain this developing countries (Developing countries need to meet their own food supply requirements and at the same time they have to produce extra supplies to meet the demand from foreign countries using their land). The Second purpose by Attenborough, is the change of our technology and production methodologies by using alternative methods of agriculture and energy production. It is a fact that the struggle to minimize the use of fossil fuels and promote the use of clean renewable energies is a difficult and constant effort, however an embedded question comes to anxiety is the use of clean energy affordable to implement in developing countries? The cost and resources are not yet clear to respond that question. The third proposal presented is about reducing population growth, and to reduce population growth education is also essential. Education on contraceptive methods and access to effective birth control systems are basic especially in developing countries where resources are scarce and population growth worsens the circumstances to access basic needs. It is evident that developing countries are more commonly the ones to have more population growth worldwide (refer to table 1 and chart 1 appendices) and this increase in population is the direct cause of many of the numerous environmental problems in those countries.ConclusionIt is clear that population growth has a negative impact on the environment, the intensification of agriculture, the uncontrolled industrialisation and economic growth, the depletion of resources and the destruction of natural habitats is evident and undeniable in our current wo rld. For this reason it is necessary to implement intelligent and concrete strategies to minimize the impacts and effects of environmental degradation. There is an urgent need to look for real development solutions and sustainable policies to maximize the use of resources without degrading the environments capacity to restore it self and simultaneously restrain a balanced assessment for the impact that humans perform on the major planet. Human capacity for improvement and technology opens daily windows and doors to new sustainable solutions that can generate substantial changes in the levels of production, conservation and renewal of ecosystems and resources. Governments are required to achieve improvements and find ways to be more involved in environmental issues, seeking to improve the quality of life, health and livelihood of their populations through viable and sustainable solutions for the correct use of resources. It is the responsibility of governments, communities and every person on the planet whether living in a developed or developing country to find solutions and alternatives to benefit not only current generations but also in store(predicate) generations to come. Human carrying capacity must not reach its limits before finding solutions to actual problems, human influence and positive technological advances and current developments on issues such as environment must be a permanent strategy to minimize the ecological footprint of humans on resources. Proper Education, correct land management, technological improvements, economic investment, proper resource management and awareness, and better public policies regarding natural resource management are crucial and vital elements for the development of communities and impoverishment eradication around the world. AppendixTable 1TOP 20 LARGEST COUNTRIES BY POPULATION1China 1,399,913,213 2India 1,278,847,8043United States 324,475,111 4Indonesia 255,021,3095Brazil 203,283,249 6Pakistan 187,383,6827Niger ia 182,243,489 8Bangladesh 159,950,7539Russia 142,196,628 10Japan 126,893,22511Mexico 124,899,068 12Philippines 101,379,22413Ethiopia 98,330,593 14Vietnam 93,197,56315Egypt 84,387,897 16Germany 82,597,11117Iran 79,238,137 18Turkey 76,515,19119Congo 70,762,892 20Thailand 67,381,077Chart 1References.Public Health Reports 1992. Population yield Threatens Natural Resources 107, p. 608.World Bank. 2004. World Population GrowthASIA POPULATION, R. 2013. Asia Population 2013 Online. Available http//www.worldpopulationstatistics.com/asia-population-2013/.BBC, H. S., EPISODE 7 2010. How Many People Can Live on satellite Earth? In ATTENBOROUGH, D. (ed.).HOLDREN, J. EHRLICH, P. 1974. Human Population and the Global Environment Population growth, rising per capita material consumption, and disruptive technologies have made civilization a global ecological force. American Scientist.MALTHUS, T. 1798. An Essay on the Principle of Population, London, Printed for J. Johnson, in St. Pauls Churc h-Yard.MCNEIL, M. 1972. 32. LATERITIC SOILS IN DISTINCT TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS Southern Sudan and Brazil.RAVENHOLT, A. 1973. Man-land-productivity Microdynamics in Rural Bali. Southeast Asia series, 21, 9.THORKILD, J. ADAMS, R. 1958 Salt and silt in ancient Mesopotamian agriculture Vol. 128 no. 3334 pp. 1251-1258128 1251-58.

Level of Stress in Final Year Students | Research

Level of emphasize in lowest Year Students ResearchLevel of try in Final year MBBS students at Rural medical checkup College A Cross-sectional Study.Shelke Umesh S1, Kunkulol Rahul R2, Narwane Sandeep P3Abstr good turnIntroduction Stress, defined as an imbalance in the midst of environmental conditions necessary for excerpt and the ability of individuals to adapt to those conditions, has a richly prevalence in MBBS students. A variety of accent markors play a signifi hindquarterst role in developing speech pattern. object lensTo sight the level of focusing and striveors responsible in Final MBBS students of Rural Medical College, Loni. Methods A descriptive cross sectional hire was carried out in 100 students (50 of either sex) willing to participate in the study. They were subjected to fill the Medical Student Stressor Questionnaire, which consists of 40 questions for evaluating the stressors and severity of stress perceive by the subjects.Results 71% subjects perce ived chastise stress, while 13% and 16% perceived high and mild stress respectively. Academic stressor counted for moderate stress in 63% and high stress in 24 % of subjects, which was high than other stressors. Conclusion Academic stressors being the major stressor perceived,Strategies ar required to decrease the burden of academic stress in the students.IntroductionStress is defined as an imbalance in the midst of environmental conditions necessary for survival and the ability of individuals to adapt to those conditions1.Studies consecrate revealed a high prevalence of stress in medical exam exam students, ranging from 30% to 50%2-7. Learning a lot of new information in relatively short time, with pressure of exams, stupefy phylogenesis of stress in medical students 8. A stressor is defined as a personal or environmental event that causes stress9, 10.Stressors of medical students can be sort into academic think, intrapersonal and interpersonal colligate, teaching and s kill-related, social related, drive and intrust related and group activities related stressors3. One or more of such stressors might act at the same time and contribute in development of stress among students.Excessive amount of stress in medical training predisposes students to have difficulties in solving interpersonal conflicts,sleeping disorder, decreased attention, reduced concentration, temptation to cheat on exams, depression, loss of objectivity, increased incidence of errors, and improper behavior, such as negligence. Stress whitethorn also manifest in the form of headaches, gastrointestinal disorders, coronary heart disease, impaired judgments, absenteeism, self-medication, suicidal ideation, depression and the consumption of drugs and alcohol11,12.A few studies in India have studied the prevalence of stress and stressors responsible in medical students. The present study (references from folder Indian references) was planned to study of stress in hold out year medical s tudents at Rural Medical College.MethodsA descriptive cross sectional study was conducted with a study population of 100 medical students (50 of either sex) in III MBBS from Rural Medical College, Loni, Ahmednagar. Duration of the study conducted form 1stFebruary 2014 to 1st March 2014.IEC approval was taken before the commencement of study.Students who were officious to give consent were enrolled in the study and inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. III MBBS students of either sex consenting to participate were included in the study. Students not set up to participate or of other year were excluded from the study.The participants were subjected toMedical Student Stressor Questionnaire (MSSQ)3The MSSQ consists of 40 incidents representing the six stressor domains.Each item were answered in the form of score asThe 40 items were divide into sections A(20 items) and B(20 items) respectively. enumerate score of A and B of each domain were divided by following value and res ults were interpreted.1. Academic related stressors (ARS) =132. Intrapersonal and interpersonal related stressors (IRS) =73. breeding and learning-related stressors (TLRS) =74. Social related stressors (SRS) =65. hale and desire related stressors (DRS) =36. Group activities related stressors (GARS) =4Interpretation0.00-1.00 causes mild stress1.01-2-00 causes moderate stress2.01-3.00 causes high stress.3.01-4.00 causes Severe stress.The mild event of stress means it does not cause any or mild stress. The moderate eccentric person indicated that it caused reasonable but manageable stress. The high type of stress indicated lot of stress and causes stirred up disturbances and mildly compromises daily activities. The severe stress indicates severe emotional disturbances and compromise of daily activities.Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed by Chi- square test.ResultsModerate type of stress collect to academic related stressors was normally seen in terminal year MBBS students i n both(prenominal) genders. 33% females and 30% malesshowed Moderate type of stress. 15% femalesshowed high type of stress as compared to 9% in males.Severe type of stress was seen in one male. 80% of males and 96% of females suffered from moderate, high or severe type of stress out-of-pocket to academic related stressors. (Table 1)Table 1Distribution between Academic related stressors (ARS) and GenderValue of =7.976, d.f. = 3, remarkable, pBy applying g Chi-square test there is a probative association between ARS and gender (pTable 2 Distribution between Intrapersonal and interpersonal related stressors (IRS)Table 2 showsfrequency of stress payable to IRS. Moderate type of stress due to intrapersonal and interpersonal related stressors in final year MBBS students was high in both gender. 29% females and 25% males showed moderate type of stress. 10% malesand 8% femalesshowedhigh type of stress due to intrapersonal and interpersonal related stressors. 70% of males and 74% of fe males suffered from moderate to high type of stress in this category.Table 3 Distribution between Teaching and learning-related stressors (TLRS) and Gender.Value of =3.226, d.f.=2, significant, pBy applying g Chi-square test there is a significant association between Teaching and learning-related stressors (TLRS) and sex (pTable 3 showed more number of moderate type of stress due to teaching and learning-related stressors (TLRS) in final year MBBS students in both gender. 30% females and 29% malesshowed moderate type of stress. 17% males showed mild type of stress and 9% femalesshowed high type of stress due to teaching and learning-related stressors (TLRS). 66% of males and 78% of females suffered from moderate to high type of stress.Table 4 Distribution between Social related stressors (SRS) and GenderTable 4 displays more moderate type of stress due to social related stressors (SRS) in final year MBBS students in both genders. 28% females and 26% males showed moderate type of st ress. 20% malesshowed mild type of stress and 8% femalesshowed high type of stress due to social related stressors (SRS). 60% of males and 80% of females showed moderate to high type of stress.Table 5Association between Drive and desire related stressors (DRS) and GenderValue of =3.648, d.f.=3, significant, pBy applying g Chi-square test there is a significant association between Drive and desire related stressors (DRS) and sex (pTable 5 shows more subjects showing mild type of stress due to drive and desire related stressors (DRS) in final year MBBS students in both genders. 31 % males and 24% femalesshowed moderate type of stress. 19% femalesshowed mild type of stress, 5% femalesshowed high type of stress and 2% femalesshowedsevere type of stress due to drive and desire related stressors (DRS). 38% of males and 52% of females showed moderate to severe type of stress.Table 6Association between Group activities related stressors (GARS) and GenderTable 6 showed more moderate type of stress due to group activities related stressors (GARS) in final year MBBS students in both gender. 22 % males and 23% femalesshowed moderate type of stress. 21% malesshowed mild type of stress, 8% femalesshowed high type of stress and 1% malesfemalesshowedSevere type of stress due to group activities related stressors (GARS).Table 7 Stressors according to rank of mean degree of stress perceived by medical students. Test and examinations was the only item that caused moderate to high stress among students. All other items fell under the category of mild to moderate stress except working with computers and talking to patients astir(predicate) personal problems.Table 7. Stressors according to rank of mean degree of stress perceived by medical students (by MSSQ)Degree of stress classification 0 1.00 is causation nil to mild stress, 1.01 2.00 is create mild to moderatestress, 2.01 3.00 is causing moderate to high stress and 3.01 4.00 is causing high to severe stressDiscussionMSS Q having a high score in a particular stressor group generally indicates that the subjects perceive events, conditions or situations from that particular group as causing the subjects stress. The scores, however, do require frank and honest response in order for it to be of any use. The scores are also affected by factors which can falsely increase or lower the scores, but generally the validity and reliability studies have indicated that the scores from the questionnaire are highly trustworthy.8Personal and environmental events that cause stress are known as stressors9,10. Stressors of medical students are grouped into six categories.Academic related stressors refer to any event related to the academics of the students.Interpersonal and intrapersonal related stressors refer to any form of relationships between and within individuals that cause stress. Teaching and learning related stressors refer to any events related to teaching or learning that causes stress. Social related stres sors refer to any form of community and societal relationships that cause stress. Drive and desire related stressors refer to any form of intrinsic or external forces that influence ones attitude, emotion, thought and behavior which subsequently cause stress.Group activities related stressors refer to any group events and interactions that cause stress13.In present study moderate type of stress caused due all the 6 stressors was commonly seen in both genders of final year MBBS students. Statistically significant difference was seen in males and females with respect to academic related, teaching related and drive and desire related stressors. This difference was also noted in a study by Waghachavare et.al.14Our study showed 58% of males and 64% of females perceiving moderate to high type of stress. This was high as compared to studies conducted in Malaysia which were 29.1 % to 41.9% in government institutes2,5,6 and 46.2% in a hidden give lessons6, as measured by GHQ-12.In a study on medical student conducted in GS medical college, it was observed that 73% of students perceived stress15. Zungsself rating master for depression was used for the study. In the study by Waghachavareet.al.14,which used DASS-21 and GAD scales, stress was perceived by 34 % of medical students. There was a significant difference between males and females perceiving stress.The academic related stressor had 63% of population in the moderate type of stress, while it became 88% when moderate to severe type of stress added together. Academic related stressor was followed by intra and interpersonal related, teaching and learning related, social related, group related and drive and desire related stressors. The academic factor was higher stressor as compared to physical, emotional and social factors in the study conducted in GS medical college.Studies have revealed that the stressors affecting medical students well-being seem to be related to the medical training, especially academic matte rs3, 6, 14-19.On ranking the items depending upon the mean level of stress that the students perceived, it was found that the stress related to the academics was highest (Table 7). This finding supports the findings of the study done by Yusoff et al.2To conclude, the study showed high prevalence of stress among students with respect to different stressors. Academic stressors have significant association with stress among students. Females show more stress as compared to males. Strategies are required to decrease the burden of academic stress in the students.AcknowledgementFinal MBBS students (Batch 2011 and 2012) and Mr. Hemant Pawar (Statistician), Department of Pharmacology Research cell, Rural Medical College (PIMS- DU), Loni.ReferencesRosenham D L, Seligman M E. Abnormal psychology. 2nd ed. New York Norton 1989.Muhamad SBY, Ahmad FAR, Yaacob MJ. Prevalence and sources of stress among medical students in UniversitiSains Malaysia Thesis. Medical Education UniversitiSains Malaysia (USM), Mei 2009.Muhamad SBY, Ahmad FAR, Yaacob MJ. The development and validity of the Medical Student Stressor Questionnaire (MSSQ). ASEAN journal of Psychiatry. 2010 11 (1).Zaid ZA, Chan SC, Ho, JJ.). Emotional disorders among medical students in a Malaysian private medical school. Singapore Med J. 200748(10), 895-899.Sherina MS, Lekhraj R, Nadarajan K. Prevalence of emotional disorder among medical students in a Malaysian university. Asia Pacific Family Medicine. 2003 2, 213-217.Saipanish, R. Stress among medical students in a Thai medical school. Med Teach. 2003 25(5) 502-506.Miller, PM, Surtees, PG. (1991). Psychological symptoms and their course in first-year medical students as assessed by the Interval General Health Questionnaire (I-GHQ). Br J Psychiatry.1991 159, 199-207.Yussof M, Baba A. Prevalence and associated factors of stress, anxiety and depression among prospective medical students. Asian Journal of Psychiatry.201359 (2),128133.Lazarus RS. Theory-Based Stress Measur ement. Psychology Inquiry. 1990 1 (1), 3-13.Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York Springer 1984.ORourke M, Hammond S. The Medical Student Stress Prole a tool for stress audit in medical training. Medical Education. 2010 27 (44) 10271037.Dahlin M, Nilsson C, Stotzer E, Runeson B. Mental distress, alcohol use and help-seeking among medical and business students A cross-sectional comparative study. BMC Med Educ. 20111192.Muhamad SBY, Ahmad FAR. The Medical Student Stressor Questionnaire (MSSQ) manual(a) . 1st edi. Malaysia KKMED Publications 2010.Waghachavare VB, Dhumale GB, Kadam YR, Gore AD. A Study of Stress among Students of Professional Colleges from an Urban area in India. Sultan Qaboos University Med J.201313(3)429-436.Supe A N. A study of stress in medical students at Seth G.S. Medical College. J Postgrad Med.1998 441-6Aktekin M, Karaman T, Senol YY, Erdem S, Erengin H, Akaydin M. Anxiety, depression and stressful life events among medical students a p rospective study in Antalya,Turkey. Medical Education. 2001 35(1) 12-17.Guthrie EA., Black D, Shaw CM, Hamilton J, Creed FH, Tomenson B. Embarking upon a medical career psychological morbidity in first year medical students. Med Educ. 1995 29(5) 337-341.Kaufman DM, Day V, Mensink D. Stressors in 1st-year medical school comparison of a conventional and problem-based curriculum. Teaching and Learning in Medicine. 1996 8(4), 188-194.Kaufman DM, Day V, Mensink D. Stressors in Medical School Relation to curriculum format and year of study. Teaching and Learning in Medicine. 1998 10(3), 188-194.

History of Fashion Trends Essay -- Clothing Clothes

Malcolm Barnard says in his book Fashion as Communication, Fashion and clothing have always been explained as forms of communication (39). American teenagers use manner to bring their feelings and beliefs. Throughout most decades teen fashion has proven to be a way of rebelling out how they feel and prize about certain situations. They used fashion as a way of social contact with reference to scrutiny for all sorts of mass. Fashion is a communication to use to convey with the world what their disposition really says.Fashion and history go hand in hand, believe it or not. Historical events in a time period reflects the way people living in the time dress, especially with teenagers, but it would not have started with out the Womans Rights Movement. If it were not for the movements, would it still be a male-dominated society? It is scary to think about, what might not have happened if it were not for those who fought for privileges? In the first part of the twentieth century, fas hion was beginning to make a radical change. Because of the first range of working women making their way into American society, Victorian styles were suddenly unfashionable and the skirt and blouse combination became more accepted. The advancing feminine cause influenced many trends. Women, and their intrust to conform with and show that they could do the same job as men, brought about such as the Gibson Girl, with her hourglass figure, her expertly upswept hair, and her unquestionable upper-class air, was everything American women in 1900 treasured to be.Although women fought for the rights, in the 1950s teenagers started to take advantage of the fact they could express their feelings. Rock N Roll music made teenagers come out with their own ... ...verbal anymore. Teenagers from diametrical decades used clothing as away to show their freedom and to communicate their thoughts and ideas. Whether it be with the swinging sixties or our generation now, teenagers were always had s ome cast of issue to convey with their clothing. A protest or even just a trend, fashion is here as a way of communication for everyone. kit and caboodle CitedBarnard, Malcolm. Fashion as Communication. New York Routledge, 1996.Laver, James. Costume and Fashion a Concise History. New York Thames & Hudson, 2002.Rubinstein, Ruth P. cut Codes, Meanings and Messages in American Culture. Colorado Westview Press, 1995.Rubinstein, Ruth P. Dress Codes, Meanings and Messages in American Culture, Second Edition. Colorado Westview Press, 2001.Taylor, Lou. Establishing Dress History. Manchester Manchester University Press 2004.

John Keats Speech :: essays papers

John Keats Speech The writer I have chosen to speak about is the romanticist John Keats. I chose this peculiar(a) poet as I believe his ideas ar the best expressed of the composers we have studied. I have looked at Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode on sober and Ode to Autumn and I think some important comparisons can be drawn from them. Each poem has been chosen because I think that the ideas conveyed in them are among the more significant in Keatss works. Ode on a Grecian Urn discuses the idea of immortality in a picture, and how if a moment is captured on an urn then does it exist for invariably and a day? It seems the theme of this poem came from a phrase of Leonardo DiVinci Cosa bella mortal passa e non darte. Translated, this means mortal beauties pass away, but non those of art. Ah, happy, happy boughs That cannot shed your leaves, nor ever bid the spring adieu. Keats uses personification in this example to make the tree branches seem like they are happy and enjoying the s ituation. In the third stanza the word eer is repeated And, happy melodist, unwearied. Forever piping songs forever and a day new. More happy love, more happy, happy love. Forever warm and still to be enjoyed. Forever panting, and forever young. This repitition is done to draw attention to the word forever which makes the reader appreciate the true meaning of the poem, which is the debate over immortality and death and what immortality means. The second poem I have studied is Ode on Melancholy. The idea behind this poem is that with any intense feeling of joy and happiness, a sad and sorrow feeling must(prenominal) accompany it. Or to simplify this, what goes up must come down. This poem is an escape from the inevitable pain as to expect a light not to cast shadows. Keats uses personification in this poem. Sudden from heaven like a weeping cloud. And, Veiled melancholy has her sovran shrine. These two examples use personification to exaggerate the feelings organism expressed and to help explain Keats thoughts. To help explain joys and melancholys interactions Keats personifies joy to be a male and melancholy to be female. This helps the reader understand how joy and melancholy are contributing factors to each other. The third and final poem I have studied is Ode to Autumn.